Hydrologic and water isotope characterization of a regulated Canadian Shield river basin     

Nancy England  April L. James  Krystopher J. Chutko  Richard S. Pyrce  Huaxia Yao 《水文研究》2019,33(6):905-919

Stable water isotope surveys have increasingly been integrated into river basins studies, but fewer have used them to evaluate impact of hydropower regulation. This study applies hydrologic and water isotope survey approaches to a Canadian Shield river basin with both regulated and natural flows. Historical streamflow records were used to evaluate the influence of three hydroelectric reservoirs and unregulated portions of the basin on downstream flows and changes in water level management implemented after an extreme flood year (1979). In 2013, water isotope surveys of surface and source waters (e.g., rainfall, groundwater, snowmelt) were conducted to examine spatial and temporal variation in contributions to river flow. Seasonal changes in relative groundwater contribution were assessed using a water‐isotope mass balance approach. Within the basin, two regulated reservoirs exhibited inverted hydrographs with augmented winter flows, whereas a third exhibited a hydrograph dominated by spring snowmelt. In 2013, spatial variation in rain‐on‐snow and air temperatures resulted in a critical lag in snowmelt initiation in the southern and northern portions of the basin resulting in a dispersed, double peak spring hydrograph, contrasting with 1979 when a combination of rain‐on‐snow and coincident snowmelt led to the highest flood on record. Although eastern basin reservoirs become seasonally enriched in δ¹⁸O and δ²H values, unregulated western basin flows remain less variable due to groundwater driven baseflow with increasing influence downstream. Combined analysis of historical streamflow (e.g., flood of 1979, drought of 2010) and the 2013 water isotope surveys illustrate extreme meteorological conditions that current management activities are unable to prevent. In this study, the influence of evaporative fractionation on large surface water reservoirs provides important evidence of streamflow partitioning, illustrating the value of stable water isotope tracers for study of larger catchments.  相似文献   

Water mining from the deep critical zone by apple trees growing on loess     

Huijie Li  Bingcheng Si  Pute Wu  Jeffrey J. McDonnell 《水文研究》2019,33(2):320-327

There have been significant recent advances in understanding the ecohydrology of deep soil. However, the links between root development and water usage in the deep critical zone remains poorly understood. To clarify the interaction between water use and root development in deep soil, we investigated soil water and root profiles beyond maximum rooting depth in five apple orchards planted on farmland with stand ages of 8, 11, 15, 18, and 22 years in a subhumid region on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Apple trees rooted progressively deeper for water with increasing stand age and reached 23.2 ± 0.8 m for the 22‐year‐old trees. Soil water deficit in deep soil increased with tree age and was 1,530 ± 43 mm for a stand age of 22 years. Measured root deepening rate was far great than the reported pore water velocity, which demonstrated that trees are mining resident old water. The deficits are not replenished during the life‐span of the orchard, showing a one‐way mining of the critical zone water. The one‐way root water mining may have changed the fine root profile from an exponential pattern in the 8‐year‐old orchard to a relative uniform distribution in older orchards. Our findings enhance our understanding of water‐root interaction in deep soil and reveal the unintended consequences of critical zone dewatering during the lifespan of apple trees.  相似文献   

基于YOLOv3深度学习的海雾气象条件下海上船只实时检测     

王飞  刘梦婷  刘雪芹  秦志亮  马本俊  郑毅 《海洋科学》2020,44(8):197-204

海雾气象条件下船只高精度检测识别面临较大困难，传统的目标识别、定位方法效果差强人意。作者围绕海雾气象条件下不同类型船只的实时检测问题，提出一种基于YOLOv3深度学习的实时海上船只检测新思路。首先构建清晰图片和模糊图片（海雾、雨）的判别方法，实现图片清晰度分类处理；其次为提高海雾气象条件下海上船只的实时检测精度，消除海雾遮挡对目标识别的影响，运用暗通道先验去雾方法对含有海雾的图像实行去雾；最后基于YOLOv3深度学习算法对精细处理后的图像进行船只实时检测。实验结果表明该方法能够在海雾气象条件下高效、准确地检测到船只，对海上复杂环境条件下的船只实时检测研究具有一定的理论指导意义。  相似文献   

星站差分与PPP技术在深远海调查中的位置服务精度分析     

周东旭  唐秋华  张化疑  梁冠辉  厉峰 《海洋通报》2020,39(2):215-222

利用在全球不同海域的船载GNSS进出港数据,以事后动态处理技术(PPK)的坐标计算值为评价基准,分析了Veripos星站差分系统和事后动态精密单点定位技术(PPP)在不同运动状态下的位置服务精度。结果表明,Veripos与PPP在低动态下的平面与高程位置服务精度可优于6.2 cm和14.9 cm,在常规动态下平均精度优于20 cm;PPP与Veripos坐标分量平均互差小于15 cm,标准差小于23 cm,在深远海调查中PPP技术可作为星站差分系统的有效补充和特殊情况下的位置服务替代。  相似文献   

Root‐zone moisture replenishment in a native vegetated catchment under Mediterranean climate     

Xiang Xu  Huade Guan  Grzegorz Skrzypek  Craig T. Simmons 《水文研究》2019,33(18):2394-2407

The root‐zone moisture replenishment mechanisms are key unknowns required to understand soil hydrological processes and water sources used by plants. Temporal patterns of root‐zone moisture replenishment reflect wetting events that contribute to plant growth and survival and to catchment water yield. In this study, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of twigs and throughfall were continuously monitored to characterize the seasonal variations of the root‐zone moisture replenishment in a native vegetated catchment under Mediterranean climate in South Australia. The two studied hillslopes (the north‐facing slope [NFS] and the south‐facing slope [SFS]) had different environmental conditions with opposite aspects. The twig and throughfall samples were collected every ~20 days over 1 year on both hillslopes. The root‐zone moisture replenishment, defined as percentage of newly replenished root‐zone moisture as a complement to antecedent moisture for plant use, calculated by an isotope balance model, was about zero (±25% for the NFS and ± 15% for the SFS) at the end of the wet season (October), increased to almost 100% (±26% for the NFS and ± 29% for the SFS) after the dry season (April and May), then decreased close to zero (±24% for the NFS and ± 28% for the SFS) in the middle of the following wet season (August). This seasonal pattern of root‐zone moisture replenishment suggests that the very first rainfall events of the wet season were significant for soil moisture replenishment and supported the plants over wet and subsequent dry seasons, and that NFS completed replenishment over a longer time than SFS in the wet season and depleted the root zone moisture quicker in the dry season. The stable oxygen isotope composition of the intraevent samples and twigs further confirms that rain water in the late wet season contributed little to root‐zone moisture. This study highlights the significant role of the very first rain events in the early wet season for ecosystem and provides insights to understanding ecohydrological separation, catchment water yield, and vegetation response to climate changes.  相似文献   

关于山东省地热尾水回灌试验的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

崔圆圆 《山东国土资源》2019,35(7)

为解决地热水开采利用过程中造成诸如水位下降、热流体排放引起的热污染和化学污染等问题,通过开展地热尾水回灌试验研究,认为在开采深层的地下热水资源的同时,必须进行人工的回灌补源,山东省通过在德州、东营、济南等地开展地热尾水回灌试验工作,效果显著。  相似文献   

荒漠绿洲湿地土壤水热盐动态过程及其影响机制     

孟阳阳  刘冰  刘婵 《中国沙漠》2019,39(1):149-160

以甘肃临泽荒漠绿洲湿地为研究对象，通过对土壤温度、含水量、电导率及蒸散量的野外观测，在植物生长期和冻融期分别深入分析水热盐耦合运移过程及其影响因素，探讨水热梯度对盐分运移及其分布格局的控制作用。结果表明：土壤温度整体呈现出春夏季逐渐升高、秋冬季降低趋势。在冻结期，土壤表现为脱盐状态，表层电导率由2.8 mS·cm^-1降到1.2 mS·cm^-1；而在消融期为积盐状态，表层电导率由1.2 mS·cm^-1升到3.7 mS·cm^-1。在生长期，土壤含水量和电导率波动较为剧烈，表层含水量27%~43%，表层电导率3~5.5 mS·cm^-1，土壤脱盐、积盐反复出现。全年蒸散量总体呈单峰变化趋势，年蒸散量507 mm；土壤电导率与蒸散量呈正比关系，与地下水位呈负相关关系；蒸散发作用是土壤表层积盐的主要驱动力，而地下水波动影响着湿地脱盐、洗盐过程。因此，荒漠绿洲湿地土壤盐分累积过程是水分运移和热量传输过程发生变化的结果。  相似文献   

基于机器学习的高精度高分辨率气象因子时空估计     

方颖  李连发 《地球信息科学学报》2019,21(6):799-813

气象变量常作为重要的影响因子出现在环境污染、疾病健康和农业等领域,而高分辨率的气象资料可作为众多研究的基础数据,对推进相关研究的发展意义重大。本文以中国大陆为研究区域,利用2015年824个气象站点的气温、相对湿度和风速3套数据,结合不同的解释变量组合,分别构建了各自的GAM和残差自编码器神经网络（简称残差网络）模型,以10倍交叉验证判断模型是否过拟合。研究结果表明：① GAM和残差网络方法都不存在过拟合问题,同GAM相比,残差网络显著提高了模型预测的精度（3个气象因素的交叉验证CV R²平均提高了0.21,CV RMSE平均降低了37%）,其中相对湿度模型的提升幅度最大（CV R²:0.85 vs. 0.52,CV RMSE:7.53% vs. 13.59%）;② 残差模型的结果较普通克里格插值结果和再分析资料更接近站点观测数据,表明残差网络可作为高分辨率气象数据研制的可靠方法。此外,研究还发现在相对湿度模型中加入臭氧浓度和气温、在风速模型中加入GLDAS风速再分析资料,可提升模型的性能。  相似文献   

Modelling the Shimokita deep coalbed biosphere over deep geological time: Starvation,stimulation, material balance and population models     

Stephen A. Bowden  Abdalla Y. Mohamed  Ayad N. F. Edilbi  Yu-Shih Lin  Yuki Morono  Kai-Uwe Hinrichs  Fumio Inagaki 《Basin Research》2020,32(5):804-829

Basin models can simulate geological, geochemical and geophysical processes and potentially also the deep biosphere, starting from a burial curve, assuming a thermal history and utilizing other experimentally obtained data. Here, we apply basin modelling techniques to model cell abundances within the deep coalbed biosphere off Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, drilled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 337. Two approaches were used to simulate the deep coalbed biosphere: (a) In the first approach, the deep biosphere was modelled using a material balance approach that treats the deep biosphere as a carbon reservoir, in which fluxes are governed by temperature-controlled metabolic processes that retain carbon via cell-growth and cell-repair and pass it back via cell-damaging reactions. (b) In the second approach, the deep biosphere was modelled as a microbial community with a temperature-controlled growth ratio and carrying capacity (a limit on the size of the deep biosphere) modulated by diagenetic-processes. In all cases, the biosphere in the coalbeds and adjacent habitat are best modelled as a carbon-limited community undergoing starvation because labile sedimentary organic matter is no longer present and petroleum generation is yet to occur. This state of starvation was represented by the conversion of organic carbon to authigenic carbonate and the formation of kerogen. The potential for the biosphere to be stimulated by the generation of carbon-dioxide from the coal during its transition from brown to sub-bituminous coal was evaluated and a net thickness of 20 m of lignite was found sufficient to support an order of magnitude greater number of cells within a low-total organic carbon (TOC) horizon. By comparison, the stimulation of microbial populations in a coalbed or high-TOC horizon would be harder to detect because the increase in population size would be proportionally very small.  相似文献   

1992-2015年中亚五国土地覆盖与蒸散发变化   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

阮宏威  于静洁 《地理学报》2019,74(7):1292-1304

1991年苏联解体,中亚五国独立使得土地覆盖与蒸散发格局发生深刻变化。以中亚五国为研究区,采用欧空局气候变化项目（CCI）土地覆盖和全球陆地数据同化系统（GLDAS）蒸散发数据,分析1992-2015年土地覆盖与蒸散发时空变化特征,进一步研究耕地蒸散耗水特征。结果表明：① 中亚五国土地覆盖变化具有阶段性特征,耕地扩张引起土地覆盖格局变化。1992-2003年耕地快速增加（1.1万km ²/a）,林地和草地大幅减少。2003-2015年耕地增速趋缓（0.3万km ²/a）,林地和草地有一定恢复,裸地和水体持续减少,城镇用地持续增长。耕地共增加12.3万km ²,林地和草地分别减少4.0万km ²和2.3万km ²,且集中于哈萨克斯坦中北部。裸地减少3.5万km ²,集中于哈萨克斯坦西南部,水体减少3.1万km ²,集中在咸海湖泊。乌兹别克斯坦耕地减少、裸地增加,吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦土地覆盖变化幅度较小;② 中亚五国蒸散发变化与土地覆盖格局基本一致。蒸散发总体呈增加态势（6 mm/a）,1992-2003年快速增加（11.3 mm/a）,2003-2015年缓慢上升（2.4 mm/a）。中亚五国年蒸散发达到276.8 mm,东南部的吉尔吉斯斯坦（347.3 mm）和塔吉克斯坦（302.9 mm）最高,中北部的哈萨克斯坦（297.9 mm）次之,西南部的乌兹别克斯坦（211.0 mm）和土库曼斯坦（150.0 mm）最低;③ 中亚五国蒸散耗水结构受耕地面积大小的影响。中亚五国耕地蒸散耗水的贡献由24.7%增至27.9%,土库曼斯坦耕地蒸散耗水仅占本国的11%,其他国家均超过25%。草地、林地和裸地的蒸散耗水贡献降低,但哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦仍以草地和林地蒸散耗水为主（≥ 50%）,土库曼斯坦（61.3%）和乌兹别克斯坦（46.4%）的裸地蒸散耗水占绝对优势。本文明确了中亚五国土地覆盖连续动态变化过程,细化各国土地覆盖与蒸散发特征及差异,增强对土地覆盖与蒸散发现状的认识,可为水土资源管理和生态环境保护提供数据参考。  相似文献